Saamaynta Dagaalka Bariga
Dhexe ee Dhaqaalaha Somaliland
Badda Cas iyo marinka Bab al-Mandeb waxay muddo dheer ahaayeen halbawlaha ganacsiga adduunka, iyadoo qiyaastii boqolkiiba 12 ilaa 15 ee ganacsiga caalamiga ahi uu dhex maro marinkan istiraatiijiga ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tan iyo dabayaaqadii sannadkii 2023, iska horimaadka Bariga Dhexe wuxuu isu beddelay mid si toos ah u saameeyay amniga maraakiibta iyo xasilloonida dhaqaale ee dalalka ku teedsan marin-biyoodkan, iyadoo Jamhuuriyadda Somaliland ay ka mid tahay meelaha sida ugu daran u dareemay isbeddelkaas xagga nolosha iyo ganacsiga ah. Qalalaasahan oo salka ku haya weerarrada ka dhanka ah maraakiibta ganacsiga, wuxuu horseeday in shirkadaha waaweyn ee gaadiidka badda ay u weeciyaan maraakiibtooda dhinaca Marinka Good Hope ee koonfurta Afrika, taas oo keentay in muddada safarku ay kor u kacdo 10 ilaa 14 maalmood, kharashka xamuulkuna uu gaadho heerar aan hore loo arag.
Saamaynta tooska ah ee Somaliland waxay ka bilaabantaa Dekedda Berbera, oo ah isha koowaad ee dakhliga iyo sahayda dalka. Marka la eego in dalku ku tiirsan yahay boqolkiiba 90 wax kasta oo la quuto ama la isticmaalo oo dibadda laga keeno, khalkhalka ku yimi silsiladda sahayda ee Badda Cas wuxuu keenay sicir-barar ku dhacay shidaalka iyo cuntada, taas oo culays weyn saartay miisaaniyadda dawladda iyo tan qoyska labadaba. Falanqayntu waxay muujinaysaa in isbeddelka ku yimi qiimaha shidaalka ee caalamiga ah uu si degdeg ah ugu milmo dhaqaalaha gudaha, maadaama Somaliland uu ka maqan yahay kayd istiraatiiji ah oo muddo dheer ah, inkasta oo mashaariic cusub oo dhinacaas ah ay hadda socdaan.
Xiisadda ka taagan Badda Cas waxay horseedday in taraafikada/mugga socdaalka maraakiibta ee marta Marinka Suweys iyo Bab al-Mandeb ay hoos u dhacdo boqolkiiba 75 markii la gaadhay dhammaadkii sannadka 2024. Marinkan oo hore u qaadi jiray boqolkiiba 30 taraafikada konteenarrada adduunka, waxaa hadda beddelay Marinka Good Hope oo mugga socdaalka uu ku kordhay in ka badan boqolkiiba 50. Somaliland, oo ku taal albaabka laga galo marinkan, waxay u noqotay meel nugul oo ay saamayso khatar kasta oo amni oo badda ka jirta. Weerarrada Xuutiyiinta, oo tiradoodu dhaaftay 190 markii la gaadhay Oktoobar 2024, waxay horseedeen in khidmadaha caymiska maraakiibtu ay cirka isku shareeraan, taas oo si toos ah ugu darsantay qiimaha badeecadaha ee lagu iibiyo dhammaanba magaalooyinka waaweyn ee Somaliland.
Shaxda 1: Isbeddelka Mugga Ganacsiga ee Marinka Bab al-Mandeb (2023-2024)
Tilmaamaha Ganacsiga Dhammaadka 2023 Bilowga 2024 Isbeddelka Boqolleyda
Mugga Ganacsiga
Maalin kasta (Milyan
Ton) 4.0 1.7 -57.5%
Saliidda Ceedhin
(Milyan Foosto
Maalin kasta) 9.3 4.1 -55.9%
Saamiga Saliidda ee Badda la Mariyo 12.0% 4.0% -66.7%
Tirada Weerarrada
Maraakiibta
(Isku-darka) – 190+ –
Dhinaca kale, isbeddelka ku yimi marinnada badda wuxuu saameyn deegaan iyo mid dhaqaale ku yeeshay nidaamka deegaanka ee Badda Cas. Saliidda ku shubantay badda ee ka dhalatay maraakiibta la weeraray ayaa khatar gelisay kalluumaysiga, oo ah isha nolosha ee beelaha xeebaha Somaliland. Hoos u dhaca ku yimi wax-soo-saarka kalluumaysiga sababo amni iyo kuwa deegaan awgood wuxuu ka dhigan yahay in dalku luminayo fursad weyn oo uu ku dabooli lahaa baahida cuntada ee dalka.
Falanqaynta Sicir-bararka iyo Saamaynta nolosha Bulshada
Sicir-bararka Somaliland wuxuu ahaa mid kacsan muddadii u dambaysay, iyadoo xogta rasmiga ah ay muujinayso in bishii August 2025 uu sicir-bararka guud (Headline Inflation) gaadhay boqolkiiba 8.6. Marka loo dhuun-galo qaybaha ugu badan ee uu sicir-bararku saameeyay waxaa soo baxaysa in cuntada iyo cabbitaannadu ay yihiin horseedka ugu weyn, iyagoo kor u kacay boqolkiiba 11.3 sannadkiiba. Tani waxay muujinaysaa in qoyska reer Somaliland ee dakhligoodu hooseeyo ay ku khasban yihiin inay kharash badan ku bixiyaan baahiyaha aasaasiga ah, taas oo ka reebaysa fursadaha kale ee waxbarashada iyo caafimaadka.
Shoogga shidaalka ee u wayn ayaa dhacay February 2026, kaas oo shidaalka ka dhigay $1.30 halkii litir magaalooyinka qaar kaas oo sii kiciyay sicir-bararka dhinaca gaadiidka iyo qaybinta cuntada.
Shaxda 2: Qaybaha COICOP ee Sicir-bararka Somaliland (August 2025)
Qaybta COICOP Miisaanka Miisaaniyadda (%) Isbeddelka Sannadlaha ah (%)
Cuntada iyo Cabbitaannada (Food & Non-alcoholic) 41.75% 11.3%
Guryaha, Biyaha, iyo
Shidaalka (Housing & Fuels) 14.10% 10.4%
Saliidda iyo Duxda (Oil & Fats) 1.54% 29.3%
Midhaha iyo Khudaarta
(Fruits) 3.26% 38.2%
Gaadiidka (Transport) 8.85% 8.9% (May 2025)
Cabbitaannada,Tubaakada iyo Qaadka 4.56% 15.2%
Xogtan waxay muujinaysaa in sicir-bararka “Core Inflation” marka laga reebo cuntada iyo tamarta uu yahay mid deggan (qiyaastii boqolkiiba 6.2), taas oo macnaheedu yahay in khatarta ugu weyn ee dhaqaalaha Somaliland ay ka imanayso badeecadaha asaasiga ah sida shidaalka iyo cuntada la soo dhoofiyo. Kor u kaca boqolkiiba 29.3 ee saliidda cuntada iyo boqolkiiba 38.2 ee khudaarta ayaa si toos ah loola xidhiidhin karaa khalkhalka badda iyo muddada safarka ee kordhay, taas oo keenta in badeecadaha qaar ay kharibmaan ama ay qaali noqdaan inta ay jidka ku jiraan.
Maareynta Qiimaha Shidaalka iyo Amniga Tamarta
Shidaalku waa udub-dhexaadka dhaqaalaha Somaliland, maadaama boqolkiiba 95 korontada dalka laga dhaliyo matoorada naaftada ku shaqeeya. Qiimaha shidaalka ee caalamiga ah ayaa sare u kacay boqolkiiba 50 tan iyo bilowgii dagaalka Iiraan, iyadoo Brent crude uu dhaafay $116 halkii foosto bishii March 2026. Si loo xakameeyo khalkhalka loona ilaaliyo qiimaha suuqa xukuumaddu waxay go’aamisay “fixed fuel price cap” March 2026.
Si looga gaashaanto khalkhalka mustaqbalka, shirkadaha sida Omaar Group iyo National Oil Company (NOC) waxay iyaguna iska kaashadeen dhagax-dhigga kayd weyn oo shidaal oo laga dhisayo Berbera, kaas oo qaadi doona 230,000 M3 oo shidaal iyo gaas ah. Mashruucan oo loogu talagalay inuu daboolo baahida dalka muddo sannad ah wuxuu muhiim u yahay xasilloonida qiimaha xilliyada qalalaasuhu jiro.
Dhinaca kale, dawladdu waxay qorshaynaysaa inay dib u eegis ku samayso maamulka kaydka shidaalka qaranka. In kasta oo miisaaniyadda 2025 ay ka muuqatay dhimis boqolkiiba 5 ah oo lagu sameeyay kaydka shidaalka (Fuel Depot Reserves), haddana baahida loo qabo in la kordhiyo kaydka dawladda ayaa ah mid muhiim u ah sugidda amniga qaranka.
Kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, gaar ahaan kuwa tamarta, waa inay noqdaan kuwo la isku halayn karo si looga hortago in sicir-bararka shidaalku uu curyaamiyo wershadaha yaryar ee hadda soo koraya.
Sarrifka Doollarka iyo Xasiloonida Maaliyadeed
Somaliland waxay ku shaqaysaa dhaqaale ku tiirsan doollarka (dollarized economy), taas oo ka dhigaysa sarrifka doollarka mid saameyn toos ah ku leh qiimaha nolosha. Marka uu doollarku qaaliyoobo, waxaa isla markaba kor u kaca qiimaha badeecadaha maadaama ganacsatadu ay wax ku soo iibsadaan doollar. Bangiga Dhexe ee Somaliland wuxuu muddooyinkii u dambeeyay ku guulaystay inuu xaddido isbeddelka sarrifka isagoo adeegsanaya qorshayaal suuqa lagaga saarayo lacagta saa’idka ah ee Somaliland Shilling-ka ah iyo xakamaynta lacagaha moobaylka.
Dhinaca kale, xaaladda maaliyadeed ee guud ee gobolka ayaa muujinaysaa isbeddel weyn. Somaliland, inkasta oo aanay haysan aqoonsi caalami ah, haddana waxay u baahan tahay inay xoojiso xidhiidhka ay la leedahay nidaamka maaliyadeed ee caalamiga ah si loo fududeeyo dhoofinta xoolaha iyo helitaanka doollar ku filan suuqa.
Xakamaynta Kharashka Dawladda iyo Isbeddelka Miisaaniyadda
Miisaaniyadda Qaranka Somaliland ee 2025 waxay gaadhay 3.89 Trillion SL Sh. taas oo ah korodh boqolkiiba 11.3 ah marka loo eego sannadkii ka horreeyey. Falanqaynta miisaaniyaddu waxay muujinaysaa in dawladdu ay isku dayaysay inay kordhiso wax-soo-saarka iyo adeegga bulshada, laakiin waxaa jira caqabado xagga maamulka kharashka ah. Boqolkiiba 62 miisaaniyadda dawladda dhexe ($229.46 milyan) waxaa loo qoondeeyay mushaharka iyo gunnooyinka shaqaalaha, taas oo muujinaysa in dawladdu ay tahay loo-shaqeeyaha ugu weyn ee dalka.
Shaxda 3: Qaybaha Muhiimka ah ee Miisaaniyadda 2025 (Milyan USD)
Qaybta
Miisaaniyadda Qoondada (USD) Saamiga
Boqolleyda (%) Isbeddelka (2024-2025)
Isku-darka
Miisaaniyadda $556.3 (1$= SL Sh
7000) 100% +11.3%
Amniga iyo Nabadda $139.5 38.0% (Dawladda
Dhexe) Deggan
Mushaharka iyo Gunnooyinka $229.46 62.0% (Dawladda
Dhexe) Korodh
Kaabayaasha Dhaqaalaha $18.28 3.3% +36.9%
Wax-soo-saarka
(Beeraha &
Wershadaha) $8.51 1.5% +5.1%
Maamulka iyo
Maamul-daadejinta $69.63 12.5% -15.0%
Si loo xakameeyo kharashka dawladda loona maareeyo saamaynta dagaalka Bariga Dhexe, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la qaado tallaabooyin geesinimo leh. Dhimista boqolkiiba 15 ee lagu sameeyay maamulka guud waa bilow wanaagsan, laakiin dhimista lagu sameeyay qaybaha muhiimka ah sida deegaanka (-3.8%) iyo biyaha (-5.7%) waxay noqon kartaa mid dhabar-jab ku ah u adkaysiga masiibooyinka dabiiciga ah iyo kuwa bini-aadamka. Falanqayntu waxay soo jeedinaysaa in dawladdu ay xoogga saarto dib-u-habaynta shaqaalaha rayidka ah iyo in dadka loo leexiyo qaybaha wax-soo-saarka si loo yareeyo culayska miisaaniyadda.
Miisaaniyadda 2026: Miisaamidda Kharashka iyo Xasilloonida
Miisaaniyadda Qaranka Somaliland ee 2026 waa tii ugu ballaadhnayd ee taariikhda dalka, iyadoo gaadhay 4.58 trillion Somaliland Shillings (qiyaastii $424.5 milyan). Miisaaniyaddu waxay muujinaysaa korodh boqolkiiba 22 ah oo dhinaca dakhliga ah marka loo eego sannadkii 2024, iyadoo xoogga la saarayo amniga, kaabayaasha dhaqaalaha, iyo adeegyada bulshada.
Shaxda 4: Breakdown-ka Miisaaniyadda 2026 (4.58 trillion SL Sh)
Qaybta Miisaaniyadda Saamiga Boqolleyda (%) Key Focus Areas
Dawladda Dhexe 63% Difaaca, Amniga, Maamulka Guud
Mashaariicda (World Bank & AfDB) 17% Kaabayaasha iyo Horumarinta
Dawladaha Hoose 12% Maamul-daadejinta iyo Adeegga
Hay’adaha
Dakhli-soo-saarka 8% Wershadaha iyo Kobaca
Mid ka mid ah isbeddellada ugu muhiimsan ee maaliyadda 2026 waa nidaamka “One Treasury, One System” kaas oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in la isku xidho dhammaan dakhliga qaranka, meeshana laga saaro cashuur-dhaafka sharci-darrada ah. Sidoo kale, dawladdu waxay soo saartay awaamiir lagu dhimayo kharashka maamulka si loogu weeciyo mashaariicda wax-soo-saarka.
Dhiirrigelinta Tamarta Cagaaran
Qiimaha korontada ee Somaliland oo ah mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu qaalisan adduunka ($0.59 halkii kWh) wuxuu caqabad weyn ku yahay horumarka wershadaha iyo ganacsiga. Iyadoo laga jawaabayo culayska shidaalka dibadda laga keeno, dawladda
Somaliland waxay soo saartay Sharciga Tamarta Korontada (Xeer No. 81/2025) iyo Qorshaha Maamulka Qaybta Korontada (PSMP) si loo dhiirrigeliyo tamarta la cusboonaysiiyo.
Somaliland waxay leedahay fursado dabiici ah oo aan wali laga faa’iidaysan:
● Tamarta Cadceedda: Shucaaca cadceedda ee dalka wuxuu gaadhaa 5.5–6.0 kWh/m²/day, taas oo Somaliland ka dhigaysa meel aad ugu habboon tamarta qorraxda.
● Tamarta Dabaysha: Xawaaraha dabaysha ee celcelis ahaan ah 7–9 m/s, gaar ahaan xeebaha Badda Cas iyo gobollada gudaha, wuxuu oggolaanayaa in laga dhaliyo koronto raqiis ah.
Wasaaradda Tamarta waxay hadda gacanta ku haysaa mashaariic ay ka mid yihiin “Utility-scale solar and wind projects” iyo “Hybrid mini-grids” oo loogu talagalay deegaannada miyiga ah. Sidoo kale, sanduuqa REACT SSA oo ay maalgeliso hay’adda SIDA ayaa bixiya deeqo u dhaxeeya $100,000 ilaa $1.5 milyan oo loogu talagalay shirkadaha gaarka ah ee ka shaqeeya tamarta cagaaran. Ku wareegista tamarta cagaaran ma aha oo kaliya mid deegaanka dhowraysa, ee waa istiraatiijiyad dhaqaale oo lagu dhimayo lacagta doollarka ah ee dibadda ugu baxda shidaalka, taas oo kor u qaadi doonta xasilloonida sarrifka.
Haqab-beelka Cuntada iyo Isbeddelka dhinaca Beeraha Ganacsiga
Dhibaatada ugu weyn ee haysata Somaliland waa ku tiirsanaanta cuntada dibadda, iyadoo boqolkiiba 70 dadku ay ka shaqeeyaan qaybta beeraha iyo xoolaha. Si looga baxo nuglaanta ay keento xiisadda Bariga Dhexe, Wasaaradda Horumarinta Beeraha waxay soo saartay qorshe istiraatiiji ah (2025–2030) oo ujeeddadiisu tahay in beeraha laga dhigo kuwo ganacsi iyo kuwo farsamo ahaan casri ah.
Mashruuca ugu weyn ee hadda socda waa heshiiska $100 milyan ah ee ay dawladdu la gashay shirkadda African Food Security, kaas oo loogu talagalay in lagu ballaadhiyo wax-soo-saarka dalagyada dalka. Mashruucan wuxuu xoogga saarayaa:
1. Isticmaalka farsamooyinka waraabka ee casriga ah si looga gudbo dhibaatada biyaha iyo abaarta.
2. Dhiirrigelinta beeralayda yaryar iyo kuwa waaweynba inay soo saaraan dalagyo gaadha heer dhoofin, gaar ahaan dalalka Gacanka sida Sacuudiga.
3. Horumarinta Bannaanka Wajaale oo ah aagga ugu muhiimsan ee wax-soo-saarka qamadiga iyo galleyda, iyadoo la kaashanaysa hay’adda Pharo Foundation.
Shaxda 5: Mashaariicda Muhiimka ah ee Wax-soo-saarka Cuntada (2025)
Mashruuca Maalgelinta Goobta Ujeeddada
African Food Security $100 Milyan Qaranka Isu-dheellitirka dhoofinta iyo soo dejinta cuntada
Wajaale Plains Project Multi-million Tog Wajaale Casriyeynta beeraha iyo calafka xoolaha
REACT SSA Somalia $8.5 Milyan Miyiga/Xeebaha Waraabka ku shaqeeya cadceedda iyo qaboojiyayaasha
SIRAP (World Bank) – Qaranka Kaabayaasha miyiga iyo wax-soo-saarka u adkaysta cimilada
Qorshaha loogu wareejinayo Ganacsatada Cuntada dhinaca Wax-soo-saarka
Somaliland waxay leedahay ganacsato waaweyn oo khibrad dheer u leh keenista cuntada dibadda. Si loo sugo haqab-beelka cuntada, dawladdu waa inay qaaddaa tallaabooyin lagu dhiirrigelinayo ganacsatadan inay u wareegaan wax-soo-saarka gudaha. Shirkadda Omaar Group ayaa tusaale u ah isbeddelkan, iyadoo hore u bilowday wershado soo saara musmaarrada, steel sheets-ka, iyo qasnadaha biyaha, waxayna hadda qorshaynaysaa wershad weyn oo cuntada qasacadaysa.
Hannaanka loo marayo wareejinta ganacsiga:
1. Dhiirrigelinta Maalgashiga (Investment Incentives): Dawladdu waa inay bixisaa cashuur dhaaf dhammaystiran (Tax Holidays) ganacsatada dhisaysa wershadaha cuntada ee dalka dhexdiisa ah, sida ku xusan Sharciga Maalgashiga ee 2025.
2. Fasaxidda Dhulka (Land Facilitation): In ganacsatada waaweyn la siiyo dhul beereed ballaadhan oo leh lahaansho sugan si ay u dhistaan beeraha ganacsiga ee miisaanka weyn (Commercial Farming).
3. Deymaha Ganacsiga (Trade Finance): Bangiyada sida Dahabshiil iyo Salaam Bank waa inay kordhiyaan deymaha “Murabaha” ee loogu talagalay wershadaha farsameeya cuntada iyo xoolaha.
4. Xakamaynta Tartanka Dibadda: In la kordhiyo cashuurta badeecadaha dibadda laga keeno ee dalka dhexdiisa in ku filan laga soo saari karo, si loo ilaaliyo wax-soo-saarka gudaha.
Gebagebo iyo Talooyin Istiraatiiji ah
Dagaalka Bariga Dhexe wuxuu cashar weyn u noqday Somaliland, kaas oo ah inaan lagu sii jiri karin ku tiirsanaanta dibadda ee dhinaca tamarta iyo cuntada. Haddii aan isbeddel dhab ah la samayn sicir-bararku wuxuu sii ahaan doonaa mid ku xidhan qalalaasaha ka jira marinka Bab al-Mandeb.
Talooyinka loo soo jeedinayo Dawladda:
● Kaydka Istiraatiijiga ah: In si degdeg ah loo dhammaystiro kaydadka shidaalka iyo cuntada ee Berbera si loo yareeyo saamaynta khalkhalka badda.
● Dhiirrigelinta Wax-soo-saarka iyo Tamarta Cagaaran: In la dhiirrigeliyo isticmaalka wax-soo-saarka gudaha iyo tamarta cadceedda si loo yareeyo kharashka qoyska.
● Cashuur-dhaafka Tamarta: In laga dhaafo dhammaan cashuuraha agabka tamarta qorraxda iyo dabaysha si loo yareeyo qiimaha korontada.
● Xaddididda Qiimaha Shidaalka: Inay dawladdu sii waddo xaddididda qiimaha shidaalka iyo hirgelinta nidaamka “One Treasury” si looga badbaado khalkhalka suuqa.
● Tayeynta Miisaaniyadda: In kharashaadka maamulka (Administrative and Operational Costs) ee aan daruuriga ahayn loo weeciyo wax-soo-saarka beeraha.
● Ballaadhinta salka cashuurta dakhliga gudaha: In xoogga la saaro lana ballaadhiyo dakhliga cashuurta gudaha si loo dhimo ku tiirsanaanta xad-dhaafka ah ee cashuurta badeecadaha dibadda.
Talooyinka loo soo jeedinayo Ganacsatada:
Beeraha:
● In ganacsatada ugu waaweyn ee cuntada dalka keena ay u weecdaan beeraha ganacsiga (Commercial Farming).
● In ganacsatada gacanta ku haysa wershadaha burka ridqa (Flour Milling) ay beertaan qamadiga ay wershaddu u baahan tahay si loo yareeyo dhoofinta doollarka ee dibadda.
● In shirkadaha hoggaanka dhoofka xooluhu ay dhistaan beero waaweyn oo soo saara calafka xoolaha (Fodder production) si loo sugo caafimaadka iyo nolosha xoolaha xilliyada abaarta.
Wershadaynta:
● In ganacsatadu u gudubto wershadaha farsameeya cuntada sida qamadiga, saliidda cuntada, caanaha qallalan iwm.
Iskaashiga Gobolka:
● Inay raadiyaan maalgashadayaal caalami ah oo kula shuraakooba khibradda farsamooyinka casriga ah ee beeraha, gaar ahaan kuwa ku dhow suuqyada Gacanka oo baahi weyn u qaba wax-soo-saarka Somaliland.
Istiraatiijiyadda Somaliland ee 2030 waxay tiir u noqon kartaa in dalku uu ka gudbo dhibaatadan haddii la isku xidho cilmi-baadhista beeraha, siyaasadaha dawladda, iyo hantida ganacsatada waaweyn. Haqab-beelka cuntadu ma aha oo kaliya arrin dhaqaale ee waa arrin amni qaran oo u baahan go’aan siyaasadeed iyo fulin dhab ah.
Qaacidadani waxay muujinaysaa in haqab-beelka cuntada iyo xasiloonida nolosha lagu gaadhi karo oo kaliya marka la kordhiyo wax-soo-saarka gudaha iyo tamarta raqiiska ah, isla markaana la yareeyo culayska sicir-bararka ee ka imanaya ku tiirsanaanta badeecadaha dibadda gaar ahaan quudka cuntada.
Reference List
1. The Red Sea Shipping Crisis (2024–2025): Houthi Attacks and Global Trade Disruption, https://atlasinstitute.org/the-red-sea-shipping-crisis-2024-2025-houthi-attacks-and-global-trade-d isruption/ 2. EXPLAINER – Bab al-Mandeb Strait: Iran war places another vital shipping route at risk,
2. Bab al-Mandeb Strait: Iran war places another vital shipping route at risk https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/explainer-bab-al-mandeb-strait-iran-war-places-another-vit al-shipping-route-at-risk/3885293
3. MONTHLY CONSUMER – Government of Somaliland,
https://govsomaliland.org/uploads/files/2025/09/2025-09-07-05-25-50-7449-1757222750.pdf 4. SOMALILAND’S BANKING SYSTEM: CHALLENGES AND MITIGATION STRATEGIES – isir institute for strategic insights & research, https://isirthinktank.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/07/Bridging-Gaps-in-Somaliland-Banking.pdf
5. Somaliland’s Agricultural Extension Policy: A Bold Blueprint for Transforming Farming and Ensuring Resilience , https://siar.govsomaliland.org/article/somalilands-agricultural-extension-policy-bold-blueprint-tra 6. Environmental impacts of the Houthis’ attacks against commercial shipping in the Red Sea, https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/political-science/articles/10.3389/fpos.2025.1711643/full
7. Somaliland Ministry of Energy and Minerals’ Participation in the Somaliland Investment
Summit 2025 , https://moem.govsomaliland.org/article/articles-2 8. Invest in Somaliland 2025 – Government of Somaliland, https://www.govsomaliland.org/uploads/files/2025/09/2025-09-26-08-14-20-9125-1758917660.p df
9. Somaliland Launches $100 Million Project to Boost Local Farming and Food Security, https://somalimagazine.so/somaliland-launches-100-million-project-to-boost-local-farming-and-f ood-security/
By Abdi Halim M. Musa
Email: halimusa4@gmail.com
